CATEGORY DIFFERENTIATION AND INTERGROUP EVALUATIVE BIAS
Bernadette M Park
University Of Colorado At Boulder 572 Ucb Boulder, Co 80309
Grant 5R01MH045049-14 from National Institute Of Mental Health IRG: ZRG1
Abstract: Social psychology has tended to assume that the most effective means for reducing intergroup hostility is to breakdown social categories. This strategy is problematic, however, both because social categories are natural and useful perceptual tools, and because many group members want to retain their identity as part of their specific social group. We suggest that it may be possible under certain conditions for strong category boundaries and harmonious intergroup relations to simultaneously exist. This depends critically on the context or framing of how to think about group differences. We propose four sets of studies designed to explore two general goals. The first goal is to understand the nature of the relationship between category differentiation and intergroup evaluative bias. That is, we intend to explore the conditions under which these two constructs are and are not related, as well as the causal direction of the relationship. The second goal is to explore a multicultural ideological framing of social interactions as an alternative means for reducing intergroup conflict. A variety of methodologies are utilized including laboratory manipulations of ideological orientation, evaluation of naturally occurring ideological interventions, and a large scale survey assessment of a representative national sample. Knowing whether and under what circumstances such an intervention might be effective in combating prejudice and hostility would result in a substantial contribution both to social psychology and to society at large.
Keywords: behavior modification, bias, conflict, interpersonal relations, prejudice, racial /ethnic difference, social group process, social perception, social psychology, African American, Asian American, Hispanic American, anger, caucasian American, culture, gender difference, identity, judgment, longitudinal human study, sexual orientation, social behavior, social change, socialization, behavioral /social science research tag, clinical research, human subject, questionnaire
Project start date: 1991-04-01
Project end date: 2007-09-30
5R01MH045049-14 (2005): $280803
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CATEGORY DIFFERENTIATION AND INTERGROUP EVALUATIVE BIAS
Bernadette M Park
University Of Colorado At Boulder 572 Ucb Boulder, Co 80309
Grant 5R01MH045049-13 from National Institute Of Mental Health IRG: ZRG1
Abstract: Social psychology has tended to assume that the most effective means for reducing intergroup hostility is to breakdown social categories. This strategy is problematic, however, both because social categories are natural and useful perceptual tools, and because many group members want to retain their identity as part of their specific social group. We suggest that it may be possible under certain conditions for strong category boundaries and harmonious intergroup relations to simultaneously exist. This depends critically on the context or framing of how to think about group differences. We propose four sets of studies designed to explore two general goals. The first goal is to understand the nature of the relationship between category differentiation and intergroup evaluative bias. That is, we intend to explore the conditions under which these two constructs are and are not related, as well as the causal direction of the relationship. The second goal is to explore a multicultural ideological framing of social interactions as an alternative means for reducing intergroup conflict. A variety of methodologies are utilized including laboratory manipulations of ideological orientation, evaluation of naturally occurring ideological interventions, and a large scale survey assessment of a representative national sample. Knowing whether and under what circumstances such an intervention might be effective in combating prejudice and hostility would result in a substantial contribution both to social psychology and to society at large.
Keywords: behavior modification, bias, conflict, interpersonal relations, prejudice, racial /ethnic difference, social group process, social perception, social psychology, African American, Asian American, Hispanic American, anger, caucasian American, culture, gender difference, identity, judgment, longitudinal human study, sexual orientation, social behavior, social change, socialization, behavioral /social science research tag, clinical research, human subject, questionnaire
Project start date: 1991-04-01
Project end date: 2005-12-31
5R01MH045049-13 (2004): $272622
5R01MH045049-12 (2003): $267474
5R01MH045049-11 (2002): $403532
CATEGORY REPRESENTATION AND PERCEPTION OF VARIABILITY
Bernadette M Park
Psychologyuniversity Of Colorado At Boulder
572 Ucb
boulder, Co 80309
Grant 5R01MH045049-04 from National Institute Of Mental Health IRG: BSR
Abstract: Adapted from ´s ) Social stereotypes can be seen as social categories in which we place ourselves and others. While the use of such categories may increase the efficiency of social judgment processes, stereotypes also have well-known deleterious effects, such as when individuals are categorically derogated. In order to understand stereotypes more fully, it´s necessary to understand how social groups are encoded and represented in memory. The research proposed is aimed at clarifying and extending existing models for the representation of social categories, with particular attention devoted to the ability of these models to account for perceived differences in group variability. A secondary goal of the proposed research is to develop a more adequate representational account for the out-group homogeneity effect. Four groups of studies are proposed. In the first, three studies are described to study the role of familiarity in the development of social stereotypes and the perception of group variability. These studies involve both experimental manipulations of familiarity and panel surveys to follow the development of group stereotypes over time. The second set of proposed studies focuses on identifying computational procedures that subjects might employ when deriving variability estimates of groups. Existing models of perceived group variability make a variety of assumptions about such computational procedures that these studies will directly examine. The third set of studies explores in-group/out-group differences in how group information is encoded and retrieved. The investigators posit a motivational difference at both encoding and retrieval that may partially account for the out-group homogeneity effect. Finally, the fourth set of studies focuses on the role of the self in forming judgments of groups to which one belongs
Keywords: memory, social group process, social perception judgment, motivation
Project start date: 1991-04-01
Project end date: 1996-01-31
5R01MH045049-04 (1994): $178138
Grants awarded to Bernadette M Park
CATEGORY DIFFERENTIATION AND INTERGROUP EVALUATIVE BIAS
Bernadette M Park
Psychologyuniversity Of Colorado At Boulder
572 Ucb
boulder, Co 80309
Grant 2R01MH045049-10 from National Institute Of Mental Health IRG: ZRG1
Abstract: Social psychology has tended to assume that the most effective means for reducing intergroup hostility is to breakdown social categories. This strategy is problematic, however, both because social categories are natural and useful perceptual tools, and because many group members want to retain their identity as part of their specific social group. We suggest that it may be possible under certain conditions for strong category boundaries and harmonious intergroup relations to simultaneously exist. This depends critically on the context or framing of how to think about group differences. We propose four sets of studies designed to explore two general goals. The first goal is to understand the nature of the relationship between category differentiation and intergroup evaluative bias. That is, we intend to explore the conditions under which these two constructs are and are not related, as well as the causal direction of the relationship. The second goal is to explore a multicultural ideological framing of social interactions as an alternative means for reducing intergroup conflict. A variety of methodologies are utilized including laboratory manipulations of ideological orientation, evaluation of naturally occurring ideological interventions, and a large scale survey assessment of a representative national sample. Knowing whether and under what circumstances such an intervention might be effective in combating prejudice and hostility would result in a substantial contribution both to social psychology and to society at large
Keywords: behavior modification, bias, conflict, interpersonal relations, prejudice, racial /ethnic difference, social group process, social perception, social psychology African American, Asian American, Hispanic American, anger, caucasian American, culture, gender difference, identity, judgment, longitudinal human study, sexual orientation, social behavior, social change, socialization behavioral /social science research tag, clinical research, human subject, questionnaire
Project start date: 1991-04-01
Project end date: 2005-12-31
2R01MH045049-10 (2001): $191988
IMPLICIT ASSOCIATIONS AND SHIFTING SELF-DEFINITIONS ACROSS WORK AND FAMILY ROLES
Bernadette M Park, Professor
University Of Colorado At Boulder, 572 Ucb, Boulder, Co 80309
Grant 5R21HD058176-02 from Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute Of Child Health & Human Development
Abstract: As social scientists, we know quite a lot about current trends regarding differential career and family outcomes for men versus women. The purpose of the current studies is to understand how ingrained cultural expectations regarding gender role distributions combine with efforts to view the self as competent and efficacious, fulfilling core roles that produce a sense of belonging and acceptance, to determine decisions regarding work and family. We argue that an asymmetry exists for the genders such that for men, fulfilling their role as a successful professional simultaneously fulfills the role of successful father. In contrast, for women the roles are in direct conflict. Performing the behavior required for mastery in the professional world necessarily detracts from performing that required for success as a mom. As a result, women who value both roles are required to shift their self-concepts when considering their goals in one role versus the other. We argue this shifting produces a sense of conflict that may contribute to women eventually choosing one identity over the other. The studies in this application examine the feasibility of this analysis by measuring implicit shifts in self- definitions and predicting these as a function of participant gender, identification with the roles, and the strength of implicit role associations pairing women with childcare and men with the professional world. Male and female students in the first two years of graduate and professional training are recruited from five different disciplines that vary in the proportion of males that make up the discipline. Men are argued to enjoy a more consistent definition of the self across the two roles and the more traditional the role associations held by an individual male, the more true this should be, perhaps resulting in even greater differences in experienced shifts in self-definitions by the genders in more male dominated fields. The greater shifts experienced by women are hypothesized to have immediate costs in cognitive functioning, state anxiety, and work-family balance self-efficacy, and over time to generate stress, depression, and lower life satisfaction, at least in the early stages of developing one´s identity in the parent and professional domains. The dual roles may provide a buffer to women against threats to the self once a secure identity in each role has been established. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE The past 50 years have witnessed unprecedented changes in the organization of the family with the mass entry of women into the workforce, significantly smaller family sizes, soaring divorce rates, and an increased number of single parent families. Family structure has profound implications for the well-being of individual family members and consequently, public health more generally. Understanding efforts to balance career and parenting roles in the service of preserving a sense of self-worth is a fundamental component of constructing healthy family units
Keywords: 0-11 years old; Affect; Anxiety; Association Learning; Attitude; Awareness; Awareness of self; Awarenesses; Bears; Behavior; Buffers; Businesses; Child; Child Youth; Children (0-21); Cognitive; Common Rat Strains; Competence; Conflict; Conflict (Psychology); Conscious; Consciousness; Couples; Data; Diagnostic; Discipline; Divorce; Doctor of Philosophy; Emotional; Engineering; Engineerings; Epidemiologic Research; Epidemiologic Studies; Epidemiological Studies; Epidemiology Research; Equilibrium; FLR; Face; Failure (biologic function); Family; Family Sizes; Family member; Fathers; Feeling; Female; Female Roles; Fungi, Filamentous; Gender; Gender Role; Goals; Human, Child; Individual; Inequality; Jobs; Judgment; Laws; Left; Life; Literature; Mammals, Rats; Measures; Men`s Role; Mind; Molds; Natural Sciences; Occupations; Outcome; Parenting; Parenting behavior; Parents; Participant; Personal Satisfaction; Personal awareness; Ph.D.; PhD; Process; Professional Postions; Professional Role; Programs (PT); Programs [Publication Type]; Psychology, Social; Public Health; Randomized; Rat; Rattus; Recruitment Activity; Relative; Relative (related person); Reporting; Research; Role; Sampling; Schools; Scientist; Secure; Self Concept; Self Efficacy; Self Perception; Self image; Self view; Services; Sex Characteristics; Sex Differences; Sex Roles; Single-Parent Family; Social Psychology; Staging; Stereotyping; Stress; Students; Testing; Time; Training; Training Programs; Ursidae; Ursidae Family; Woman; Women`s Role; Work; balance; balance function; career; children; cognitive function; cost; depression; expectation; experience; facial; failure; family structure; feelings; gender difference; male; male role; men; men`s; parental role; programs; public health medicine (field); public health relevance; randomisation; randomization; randomly assigned; recruit; repair; repaired; response; role men; role of parent; satisfaction; self awareness; self esteem; self knowledge; sexual dimorphism (noncellular); social; social role; success; tool; trend; well-being; youngster
Relevance: The past 50 years have witnessed unprecedented changes in the organization of the family with the mass entry of women into the workforce, significantly smaller family sizes, soaring divorce rates, and an increased number of single parent families. Family structure has profound implications for the well-being of individual family members and consequently, public health more generally. Understanding efforts to balance career and parenting roles in the service of preserving a sense of self-worth is a fundamental component of constructing healthy family units
Project start date: 2009-02-01
Project end date: 2011-01-31
Budget start date: 1-FEB-2010
Budget end date: 31-JAN-2011
PFA/PA: PA-06-181
5R21HD058176-02 (2010): $183364