Hal Blumenfeld
Yale University
Project start date: 2011-02-01
Project end date: 2015-01-31
Sponsored Links Excellgen http://Excellgen.com
Grants awarded to Hal Blumenfeld
High Frequency Burst Firing In Visual Cortex
Hal Blumenfeld
Neurobiologyyale University
47 College Street, Ste 203
new Haven, Ct 065208047
Grant 2K08NS002060-04 from National Institute Of Neurological Disorders And Stroke IRG: NST
Abstract: The cerebral cortex has the ability to generate rhythmic synchronized network activity both in the form of normal neural rhythms as well as during epileptic seizures. A key cell type in the generation of these patterns of synchronized activity is burst generating neurons. Intrinsically bursting pyramidal cells with extensive local axon collaterals have been described previously in layer V, and more recently in layers II-III. Recent work ha shown that a class of these neurons, called chattering cells, have the ability to generate sustained high frequency (30-70 Hz) burst firing. However, the mechanisms by which these cells generate burst discharges, or the functional influences of these burst discharges on post-synaptic neurons, is not presently known. Preliminary studies have shown that chattering cells have a prominent single spike after-depolarization (AD), and each burst is followed by a large after-depolarization (AHP). In addition, some non-chattering cells can be induced to chatter by addition of cholinergic or metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists, or by prolonged depolarization. In this project we intend to use intracellular recording in an in vitro slice preparation of ferret visual cortex with the following specific aims 1. To investigate the ionic mechanisms of the spike ADP in chattering cells, and its role in generating high frequency burst firing. 2. To investigate the ionic mechanisms of the post-burst AHP in chattering cells, and its role in determine the frequency of burst generation. 3. To investigate the mechanism for inducing non-chattering cells with neuromodulators or depolarization to fire repetitive high frequency bursts. 4. To use dual cell recording to study the effects of high frequency burst firing on synaptic transmission. The information provided by these studies may yield insights into the mechanisms of normal cortical rhythmic oscillations, and suggest new therapies for the therapeutic management of epileptic seizures
Keywords: action potential, brain electrical activity, epilepsy, thalamus, visual cortex GABA receptor, disease /disorder model, gamma aminobutyrate, interneuron, sleep ferret, laboratory rat
Project start date: 1998-07-01
Project end date: 2003-07-31
2K08NS002060-04 (2001): $132300
5K08NS002060-03 (2000): $116100
1K08NS002060-01 (1998): $105570
Functional Neuroimaging In Childhood Absence Epilepsy
Hal Blumenfeld
Yale University 47 College Street, Ste 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047
Grant 5R01NS055829-02 from National Institute Of Neurological Disorders And Stroke IRG: DBD
Abstract: Patients with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) have repeated 5-10 s episodes of unresponsiveness, associated with a "spike-wave" discharge (SWD) on electroencephalography (EEC). In addition to the deficit during seizures, many children also suffer from milder attention impairment between absence attacks. CAE affects 10-15% of children with epilepsy. The fundamental mechanisms of altered brain function and impaired attention in CAE are not known. Although considered a form of generalized epilepsy, both human and animal data suggest that SWD involve selective cortical and subcortical networks, while sparing other regions. Our central hypothesis is that SWD cause dysfunction in specific networks important for attention, including the medial frontal cortex and thalamus. Impairment of these attention networks may cause deficits both during and between seizures. If confirmed, this may lead to regional therapies targeted at improving impaired attention in patients with CAE. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a window to brain function, but is indirectly related to neuronal activity. We will, therefore, map abnormal function in CAE, both at baseline and during seizures, using simultaneous EEG-fMRI and arterial spin labeled cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements, to more closely estimate neuronal activity changes. This will enable us to determine if attention networks are impaired in CAE, both during seizures and at baseline. We will then test attentional vigilance between and during seizures in CAE using a continuous performance task (CRT). At the same time, we will use functional neuroimaging to determine whether impaired attention between and during seizures is related to abnormal function in specific brain regions. RELEVANCE Impaired attention during and between absence seizures has a major negative impact on patient quality of life due to deficits in school performance, potential for injuries, and social stigma. By understanding the fundamental mechanisms, and brain regions crucial for impaired attention in this patient population, new treatments including designer drugs and other targeted therapies may be developed with the goal of blocking seizures and preserving attention. Understanding mechanisms of impaired attention in this form of epilepsy may have implications for treating other types of epilepsy as well.
Keywords: attention, epilepsy, neuroimaging, animal data, blood flow measurement, brain, brain circulation, children, electroencephalography, emotion, frontal lobe /cortex, functional magnetic resonance imaging, generalized seizure, human, injury, lead, literature survey, magnetism, measurement, oxygen, performance, prefrontal lobe /cortex, quality of life, rest, school, thalamus, therapy, clinical research
Project start date: 2006-08-02
Project end date: 2010-01-31
5R01NS055829-02 (2007): $397382
1R01NS055829-01 (2006): $244702
PREVENTING SPIKE-WAVE EPILEPTOGENESIS: CRITICAL PERIODS & NEUROIMAGING BIOMARKERS
Hal Blumenfeld, Associate Professor
Yale University, 47 College Street, Ste 203, New Haven, Ct 06520-8047
Grant 2R01NS049307-05A1 from National Institute Of Neurological Disorders And Stroke
Abstract: In normal development there are critical periods during which learning and plasticity are enhanced. We recently found that treatment of a rodent epilepsy model with anti-seizure medication early in life, led to long-term suppression of spike-wave seizures in adulthood even after the medication was stopped. Our previous work in this rodent model demonstrated that spike-wave seizures are associated with abnormal function and structure in specific corticothalamic networks, and that these abnormalities are not present early in life before the development of seizures. Based on this, we now hypothesize that treatment early in development suppresses spike-wave epileptogenesis, and can prevent the long-term abnormalities in brain structure and function in this disorder. To translate this work into the human arena, it will be crucial to identify safe noninvasive methods to monitor biomarkers of epilepsy development in children and its prevention by therapy. Powerful neuroimaging methods now enable the noninvasive assessment of brain function and structure. Our preliminary studies have found abnormally increased resting functional connectivity on fMRI, and abnormally reduced white matter fractional anisotropy on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the rodent spike-wave epilepsy model. Therefore, our aims are now to investigate fMRI resting functional connectivity and DTI as promising biomarker of epileptogenesis and its prevention by therapy. Will performing measurements of fMRI resting functional connectivity at different developmental stages in treated vs. untreated animals. We will also relate these measurements to connectivity evaluated through coherence analysis of electroencephalography. In addition, we will investigate DTI as another promising biomarker by again performing measurements at different ages in treated vs. untreated animals. We will also investigate the anatomical basis of white matter DTI abnormalities through electron microscopy to determine changes in axons and myelin in affected regions. 2
Keywords: 0-11 years old; 1, 3 diazine; 2, 5-Pyrrolidinedione, 3-ethyl-3-methyl-; 21+ years old; Absence Epilepsy; Absence Seizures; Address; Adult; Affect; Age; Anabolism; Anatomic; Anatomical Sciences; Anatomy; Animal Disease Models; Animal Model; Animal Models and Related Studies; Animals; Anisotropy; Anterior; Axon; Benchmarking; Best Practice Analysis; Biologic Transport; Biological Transport; Blotting, Western; Brain; Brain Mapping; California; Cell Communication and Signaling; Cell Signaling; Cell/Tissue, Immunohistochemistry; Cerebral cortex; Child; Child Youth; Childhood Absence Epilepsy; Children (0-21); Chloride; Chloride Ion; Chlorides; Cl- element; Clinical Trials Design; Clinical Trials, Therapy; Common Rat Strains; Comparative Study; Congenital Epilepsy; Corpus Callosum; Corpus Callosums; Cortical Malformation; Data; Development; Diagnosis; Diagnostic; Diffusion; Diffusion MRI; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Diffusion Weighted MRI; Disease; Disorder; Drug Interactions; Drug or chemical Tissue Distribution; Drugs; Dysfunction; EAA Antagonists; EEG; EPSP; Early treatment; Effectiveness; Effects, Longterm; Electric Stimulation; Electrical Impedance; Electrical Stimulation; Electrodes, Miniaturized; Electroencephalography; Electron Microscopy; Encephalon; Encephalons; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Generalized; Epilepsy, Minor; Epileptic Seizures; Epileptics; Epileptogenesis; Ethosuccimid; Ethosuximide; Ethylmethylsuccimide; European; Event; Evoked Potentials; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Exhibits; Female; Ferrets; Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Functional disorder; GABA Antagonists; GABA Receptor Antagonists; Generalized Epilepsy; Generalized seizures; Genes; Genetic; Genetics, in situ Hybridization; Geniculate Bodies; Geniculate body structure; Glutamate Antagonists; Glutamate Receptor Antagonists; Goals; HOSP; Histology; Histopathology; Hospitals; Human; Human, Adult; Human, Child; Human, General; Hydrogen Oxide; IHC; Image; Immunohistochemistry; Immunohistochemistry Staining Method; Impedance; In Situ Hybridization; In Vitro; Inbred C57BL Mice; Inbred Strains Rats; Individual; Intermediary Metabolism; Intracellular Communication and Signaling; Ion Channel; Ion Channel Gating; Ion Channel Gatings; Ion Channels, Potassium; Ion Channels, Sodium; Ionic Channels; Journal Article; Journal Article (PT); Journal Article [Publication Type]; Journals; Juvenile Absence Epilepsy; K channel; Knowledge; Label; Laboratories; Language; Learning; Life; Literature; Long-Term Effects; METBL; MR Imaging; MR Tomography; MRI; MRI, Functional; Magazine; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan; Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Functional; Mammals, Mice; Mammals, Rats; Mammals, Rodents; Man (Taxonomy); Man, Modern; Manganese; Manganese Compounds; Mars; Measurement; Measures; Medical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance / Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; Medication; Medicine; Membrane Channels; Membrane Potentials; Messenger RNA; Metabolic Processes; Metabolism; Metathalamus; Methods; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microelectrodes; Mission; Mn element; Modeling; Monitor; Mouse, C57BL; Murine; Mus; Myelin; NIH; NMR Imaging; NMR Tomography; Names; National Institutes of Health; National Institutes of Health (U.S.); Neocortex; Nerve Cells; Nerve Conduction; Nerve Net; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Nerve Unit; Nervous System, Brain; Neural Cell; Neural Conduction; Neural Pathways; Neurocyte; Neurology; Neurons; Neurosciences; News; News (PT); News [Publication Type]; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Organophosphorus Compounds; Patch-Clamp Technics; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pathology; Patients; Pattern; Periodicals; Petit Mal Convulsion; Petit Mal Epilepsy; Pharmaceutic Preparations; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacology; Phenotype; Physiology; Physiopathology; Picrotoxin; Planet Mars; Potassium Channel; Prevention; Prevention therapy; Primary Prevention; Printing; PubMed; Pykno-Epilepsy; Pyknolepsy; Pyramidal Cells; Pyrimidine; Pyrimidines; QOL; Quality of life; RNA, Messenger; RT-PCR; RTPCR; Radiation; Radiation Dose-Response Relationship; Rat; Rattus; Reaction Time; Research; Response RT; Response Time; Rest; Resting Potentials; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rice; Rodent; Rodent Model; Rodentia; Rodentias; Science of Anatomy; Science of Medicine; Science of Statistics; Science of neurosurgery; Seizure Disorder; Seizure Disorder, Absence; Seizure Disorder, Generalized; Seizures; Signal Transduction; Signal Transduction Systems; Signaling; Societies; Sodium Channel; Species Specificity; Staging; Statistics; Structure; Testing; Thalamic structure; Thalamus; Therapeutic Trials; Therapy Clinical Trials; Tissue Distribution; Translating; Translatings; Transmembrane Potentials; United States National Institutes of Health; Universities; Water; Western Blotting; Western Blottings; Western Immunoblotting; Wistar Rats; Work; Zeugmatography; adult human (21+); anatomy; base; biological signal transduction; biomarker; biosynthesis; brain metabolism; brain research; children; critical period; diffusion tensor imaging; disease/disorder; drug/agent; electric impedance; epilepsia; epileptiform; epileptogenic; experiment; experimental research; experimental study; fMRI; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Antagonists; geniculate nucleus; homotypical cortex; hyperpolarization-activated cation channel; imaging; imaging modality; in situ Hybridization Staining Method; interest; isocortex; journal article; language translation; mRNA; male; mid life; mid-life; middle age; middle aged; midlife; model organism; neocortical; neopallium; nerve protein; neuroimaging; neuronal; neurosurgery; news; pathophysiology; petit mal seizure; prevent; preventing; protein blotting; prototype; psychomotor reaction time; ray (radiation); research study; reverse transcriptase PCR; statistics; substantia alba; thalamic; tool; treatment trial; white matter; white matter change; youngster
Relevance: As the genetic knowledge of epilepsy grows, primary prevention will soon be a realistic goal. Detailed study of a genetic animal model in which epilepsy can be prevented will provide proof-of-principle information to guide human treatment trials. In addition, the use of neuroimaging to track the development of epilepsy will help in understanding the mechanisms of epileptogenesis, and can identify biomarkers for use in monitoring the effectiveness of human therapeutic trials designed to prevent the development of epilepsy. Literature cited ADDIN EN.REFLIST Blumenfeld H, McCormick DA (2000) Corticothalamic inputs control the pattern of activity generated in thalamocortical networks. Journal of Neuroscience 20:5153-5162. Blumenfeld H, Klein JP, Schridde U, Vestal M, Rice T, Khera DS, Bashyal C, Giblin K, Paul-Laughinghouse CP, Wang F, Phadke A, Mission J, Agarwal RK, Englot DJ, Motelow J, Nersesyan H, Waxman SG, Levin AR (2008) Early treatment suppresses the development of spike-wave epilepsy in a rat model. Epilepsia 49 (3):400-409. Chahboune H, Mishra AM, DeSalvo MN, Staib LH, Purcaro M, Scheinost D, Papademetris X, Fyson SJ, Lorincz ML, Crunelli V, Hyder F, H. B (2009) DTI abnormalities in anterior corpus callosum of rats with spike-wave epilepsy. Neuroimage 47:459-466. Eriksson SH, Rugg-Gunn FJ, Symms MR, Barker GJ, Duncan JS (2001) Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with epilepsy and malformations of cortical development. Brain 124:617-626. Klein JP, Khera DS, Nersesyan H, Kimchi EY, Waxman SG, Blumenfeld H (2004) Dysregulation of sodium channel expression in cortical neurons in a rodent model of absence epilepsy. Brain Research 1000:102-109. Obenaus A, Jacobs RE (2007) Magnetic resonance imaging of functional anatomy: use for small animal epilepsy models. Epilepsia 48 Suppl 4:11-17. Strauss U, Kole MH, Brauer AU, Pahnke J, Bajorat R, Rolfs A, Nitsch R, Deisz RA (2004) An impaired neocortical Ih is associated with enhanced excitability and absence epilepsy. European Journal of Neuroscience 19:3048-3058. PAGE
Project start date: 2004-07-01
Project end date: 2011-08-31
Budget start date: 15-SEP-2009
Budget end date: 31-AUG-2010
PFA/PA: PA-07-070
2R01NS049307-05A1 (2009): $408183
CORE CENTER FOR QUANTITATIVE NEUROSCIENCE WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE (QNMR)
Hal Blumenfeld, Associate Professor
Yale University, 47 College Street, Ste 203, New Haven, Ct 06520-8047
Grant 5P30NS052519-03_9003 from National Institute Of Neurological Disorders And Stroke
Abstract: Applications of magnetic resonance (MR) techniques to research in the life sciences are growing rapidly. State-of-the-art heteronuclear MR spectroscopy (MRS) and multi-modal MR imaging (MRI) methodologies cultivated at the Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC) at Yale have moved in vivo animal research into central roles in experimental neuroscience, addressing fundamental issues with far reaching implications for brain function. Since the formation of the Yale MRRC in the early in 1980s, the number of . horizontal-bore magnets for in vivo studies have multiplied three-fold in 2004. The present number of ´ magnets for in vivo studies - three each for animals and humans - were needed to match the growing number of investigators across many disciplines - a majority of whom are supported by NINDS. The strength of the Yale MRRC has been, and still is, the dynamic interaction between rodent and human research. Active interplay between heteronuclear MRS and multi-modal MRI methods in rodents and humans have furthermore rapidly progressed. Because MR technology requires unwavering infrastructural support for state-of-the-art exploits to be successfully applied, long-term stability of Yale MRRC is contingent on sustained support. A program in "Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR)" at Yale will support shared resources and facilities used by NINDS-funded investigators at Yale, and thereby generate greater productivity than would be possible via independent efforts. QNMR will consist of three research Cores - each dedicated to improving effectiveness of ongoing research based upon multimodal MRI, heteronuclear MRS, neurophysiology - and one service Core - designed for rapid data analysis, access, sharing, and backup using high-performance cluster of workstations. We expect that QNMR will promote a more cooperative and interactive research environment for neuroscientists who are utilizing MR technology at Yale, and will nurture new cross-disciplinary approaches in medicine, physiology, and neuroscience
Keywords: 3-D Imaging; 3D imaging; 4-Aminobutanoic Acid; 4-Aminobutyric Acid; Acute; Address; Aminalon; Aminalone; Amino Acids; Analysis, Data; Animal Experimental Use; Animal Experimentation; Animal Research; Animals; Arts; Biologic Sciences; Biological; Biological Sciences; Brain; Butanoic acid, 4-amino-; Cell Communication and Signaling; Cell Signaling; Collaborations; Commit; Computer Programs; Computer software; Consumption; Data; Data Analyses; Development; Diffusion MRI; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Diffusion Weighted MRI; Discipline; Effectiveness; Electrodes; Electrodes, Miniaturized; Encephalon; Encephalons; Environment; Faculty; Fees; Figs; Figs - dietary; Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Funding; Future; GABA; Gln; Glutamates; Glutamine; Goals; Grant; Home; Home environment; Human; Human, General; Image; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Infrastructure; Institution; Intracellular Communication and Signaling; Investigators; Investments; L-Glutamate; L-Glutamine; Label; Laboratories; Life Sciences; MR Imaging; MR Spectroscopy; MR Tomography; MRI; MRI, Functional; MRS; MRSI; Magnetic Resonance; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan; Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Functional; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mammals, Rodents; Man (Taxonomy); Man, Modern; Maps; Measurement; Measures; Medical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance / Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; Medical Imaging, Three Dimensional; Medicine; Method LOINC Axis 6; Methodology; Methods; Methods and Techniques; Methods, Other; Microelectrodes; Modeling; NMR Imaging; NMR Tomography; National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; Nerve Cells; Nerve Impulse Transmission; Nerve Transmission; Nerve Transmitter Substances; Nerve Unit; Nervous System, Brain; Neural Cell; Neurochemistry; Neurocyte; Neuronal Transmission; Neurons; Neurosciences; Neurotransmitters; Noise; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Operation; Operative Procedures; Operative Surgical Procedures; Penetration; Performance; Phase; Physiologic; Physiological; Physiology; Pilot Projects; Policies; Population; Process; Productivity; Programs (PT); Programs [Publication Type]; Protocol; Protocols documentation; Q. Levoglutamide; Qualifying; Quality Control; R01 Mechanism; R01 Program; RF coil; RPG; Recruitment Activity; Research; Research Grants; Research Infrastructure; Research Personnel; Research Project Grants; Research Projects; Research Projects, R-Series; Research Resources; Researchers; Resolution; Resource Sharing; Resources; Rodent; Rodentia; Rodentias; Role; Scheme; Schools, Medical; Science of Medicine; Science of neurochemistry; Science of neurophysiology; Scientist; Sensory; Services; Signal Transduction; Signal Transduction Systems; Signaling; Software; Specificity; Stimulus; Surgical; Surgical Interventions; Surgical Procedure; System; System, LOINC Axis 4; Techniques; Technology; Three-Dimensional Imaging; Time; Training; Training Support; Writing; Zeugmatography; aminoacid; animal data; base; biological signal transduction; computer program/software; computerized data processing; cost; data management; data processing; design; designing; diffusion tensor imaging; experiment; experimental research; experimental study; fMRI; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; human data; image processing; imaging; imaging modality; improved; in vivo; medical schools; neurochemistry; neuroimaging; neuronal; neurophysiology; neurotransmission; optic imaging; optical imaging; pilot study; programs; recruit; research study; sharing data; signal processing; social role; square foot; surgery; technology development; tool
Budget start date: 1-APR-2009
Budget end date: 31-MAR-2010
PFA/PA: PAR-05-070
5P30NS052519-03_9003 (2009): $252497
Neuronal Firing And Neuroimaging In Spike-wave Seizures
Hal Blumenfeld
Neurologyyale University
47 College Street, Ste 203
new Haven, Ct 065208047
Grant 5R01NS049307-04 from National Institute Of Neurological Disorders And Stroke IRG: CND
Abstract: Absence seizures occur most commonly in children as staring spells lasting 5-10 seconds, associated with a rhythmic "spike-wave" discharge (SWD) on electroencephalography (EEG). Although considered a form of generalized epilepsy, both human and animal EEG recordings suggest that SWD involve selective cortical and subcortical networks, while sparing other regions. Our central hypothesis is that increased neuronal firing in specific networks leads to regional heterogeneity in SWD. Since this may have important therapeutic significance, our main goal is to determine which specific anatomical networks are selectively involved, and whether neuronal activity during SWD increases or decreases in these brain regions. Previous studies have failed to adequately address this problem. While functional MRI (fMRI) has become a common tool in neuroscience research, here we will combine fMRI with other neuroimaging and local physiology methods to enhance data interpretation. Using an established rodent epilepsy model, we will first relate neuronal activity to neuroimaging signals through simultaneous, co-localized electrophysiology and fiber optic cerebral blood flow (CBF) and pO2 recordings during SWD. We recently calibrated blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRt; separately measuring fMRI, CBF and cerebral blood volume (CBV) to obtain quantitative maps of the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), a more direct measure of neuronal activity. Therefore, we will next obtain high spatial resolution CMRO2 maps during SWD through calibrated BOLD. Finally, we will study dynamic changes through high temporal resolution EEG-triggered fMRI during SWD. Knowledge of the specific regional networks involved in spike-wave seizures, and whether increases or decreases in neuronal activity occur, may lead ultimately to targeted treatment in these regions including gene therapy, selective )harmacological agents, or deep brain stimulation. The approach used in this well-characterized model may also enhance the ability to interpret noninvasive epilepsy neuroimaging studies in humans
Keywords: brain circulation, brain electrical activity, brain imaging /visualization /scanning, generalized seizure, neural transmission blood volume, disease /disorder model, oxygen consumption bioimaging /biomedical imaging, electroencephalography, fiber optics, functional magnetic resonance imaging, laboratory rat
Project start date: 2004-07-01
Project end date: 2009-03-31
5R01NS049307-04 (2007): $381464
3R01NS049307-03S1 (2006): $34335
5R01NS049307-03 (2006): $357737
Sponsored Links Excellgen http://Excellgen.com
5R01NS049307-02 (2005): $366346
1R01NS049307-01 (2004): $360473
Hal Blumenfeld
Yale University
Project start date: 2006-08-02
Project end date: 2017-01-31
Core Center For Quantitative Neuroscience With Magnetic Resonance (QNMR)
Hal Blumenfeld
Yale University
47 College Street, Ste 203
new Haven, Ct 065208047
Grant 5P30NS052519-029003 from National Institute Of Neurological Disorders And Stroke IRG: NSD
Keywords: magnetism, neuroscience